Annotated+Bibliography

Bishop, Lauren. "Stepping It Up." //Stepping//. •Reporter at Cincinnati Enquirer and Ithaca Journal ed. 2003. //JSTOR//. Web. 7 Oct. 2010. . Observed stepping and it's forms.
 * Sources: 1-3**

Fine, Elizabeth C. //Soulstepping//. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois, 2003. Print. The whole book illuminated information on stepping and its's creativity.

Three things I have learned from the following two resources (one being an article and the other a book) is that stepping has been around for years if not centuries. Many people give widely varying answers when it comes to the question "What is stepping", most say it originated in Africa, few associated it to the sororities in college life, and date it to the 1940's while others know have no knowledge about it, My answer is stepping is an ongoing movement created for acceptance and comfortability of African Americans. Howard University is known as the birthplace of five of the nine black Greek-letter organizations; the best place to find information is on how stepping developed in a college setting is located at Howard University. African Americans were denied the kinds of support that Europrean American students enjoyed from segregated housing to segregated social clubs, causing six of the African American students from the 1904-05 class, did not enroll for the 1905-6 year two. Because of that seperation and feeling of un-acceptance, seven black men at a predominantly white Cornell University formed the first historically black Greek-letter fraternity, Alpha Phi Alpha, on December 1906. Lastly I learned in the book the etire of the members. Each dressing for a ststement, canes, and ties or collars or prompts to stand out. Each one for a team statement.
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The two sources were extremly helpful, I learned some things that I did not know such as the dress and how much Howard U played a part in it. I am very pleased with what I read and am excited to read more about it.

Traiger, Lisa. "Stomp the Stage." //The New York Amsterdam News// Feb. 2009: 40-41. //JSTOR//. Web. 15 Oct. 2010.
 * Sources-4 & 5:**

"The History of Stepping." //The History of Stepping// (Oct. 2010): 1-3. //JSTOR//. Web. 17 Oct. 2010. .


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Three things I have learned from reading these two different articles on stepping is the structure. In the "History of Stepping" I learned that it begins with singing. The white fraternities started singing and the black fraternities took it to another level. The Omegas and the Sigma’s were the first to do it. Sororities didn't start stepping until several years after the fraternities. Stepping began with a group of guys singing acapella. When groups such as the Temptations and the Four Tops were popular in the 50's and 60’s, brothers started mimicking their steps; which is how I also learned that stepping is called "stepping" because brothers would try to come up with the best steps while they were singing to please the ladies; because more ladies equal more recruits. (Much like it is today) Stepping began to flourish with the incorporation of some traditional African ritual dancing, and other elements of cheer leading and gymnastics etc. Stepping has become very intricate and demanding incorporating props, high levels of gymnastics and other elements found in team sports.

Lastly in the "Stomp the Stage” article, I realized that the percussion of the drums are heard in the slamming of the feet during stepping. The knee slaps and flat footed stomps, and prompt is to form a moose and look that not only keep the audience attention but tell a message through it. Tapping is not only a hobby it is a legacy born from the previous ages created to give black people a feeling of acceptance and worth. It is also highly creative.

I learned background information on stepping by reading these articles; I did not know that it originated with song and dance that was not stomping. I assumed that was always was stepping was about but I see now that I was wrong. I am now eager to see more and replace all of my wrong assumptions with the correct facts.

I do not have the annotations completed because I have a unsees video and I am still reading the book "Steppin; on the Blues" which has a few chapters, on stepping , but it is still a previosus source. Only every chapter is a different, which is why it counts for 6 and 7 , 9 will be the vidoe.
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 * Sources 9-10 **

Kriegsman, Alan M. "Tapping Into The Beats; A Cultural Mix of Percussive Movement." //The Washington Post// 25 July 1988: 1-2. Print.

Gladstone, Valerine. "Stepping and Stomping in an Old-Time Gospel Mood." //The New// //York Times// 2 June 2002: 1-4. Print.

I learned something new, that I did not know about stepping after reading Article one I found out that percussive dance is a somewhat awkward generic term embracing those forms of dance in which audible rythems, produced primarily by feet sriking a floor, play a central esthetic role. What is known as "step dance" and clogging in the British Isles and Canada, to the clog dances pf southern Appalchia and the jazz tap dance developed and perfected by black Americans. This information was highly valueable to me, simply because it was new. In the second article, I learned about a new type of stepping. Praise stepping, which is what I do now at the "Church of God". Praise dancing began in Baptist churches in the late 19th century. Traditional praise dances are performed in a circle or as processions, sometimes accompanied by bugles and drums, with performers carrying flags and banners. In contemporay praise dancing, participants, often in an ecstatic state inspired by their belief in God, determine their own movements. This brand of step dancing, or stepping as it is a familiarly known, is not to be confused with Irish step dancing. Stepping dates to the early 20th century, when black veterans of World War I enrolled in colleges, said Thomas De Frantz who is a professor of music and theater arts at the Massachusetts Institute. Basically, Praise dancing is just as big as the movement of stepping itself. It is just a gentle form of it.
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